[answered] Lab Activities Meteorologists can assess the stability of t

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Lab Activities

Meteorologists can assess the stability of the lower troposphere (and thus the potential for thunderstorm development) by calculating simple indices that are based on the temperature and dew-point temperature at various levels in the atmosphere. One such stability index is the Total Totals Index (TTI), which is computed as follows:

Total Totals Index = T₈₅₀ + T_d850 ? (2 ? T₅₀₀)

where:

• T₈₅₀ is the 850-mb air temperature,
• T_d850 is the 850-mb dew point temperature, and
• T₅₀₀ is the 500-mb air temperature

(All temperatures are in ?C.)

Note how warm, moist air at low levels increases the value of the index (low levels are represented by the 850-mb level), and cold air at middle levels of the troposphere (middle levels are represented by the 500-mb level) also increase the value of the index. Thus, the TTI is large when warm, moist, low-level air lies beneath cold air at middle levels.

East of the Rocky Mountains, the value of the TTI can be interpreted using table 11.1 below:

Table 11.1

TTI	Thunderstorm Outlook
< 44	Thunderstorms unlikely
44?45	Isolated or few thunderstorms
46?47	Scattered thunderstorms
48?49	Scattered thunderstorms, isolated severe thunderstorm
50?51	Scattered thunderstorms, few severe thunderstorms, isolated tornadoes
52?55	Scattered to numerous thunderstorms, few to scattered severe thunderstorms, few tornadoes
56	Numerous thunderstorms, scattered severe thunderstorms, scattered tornadoes

Source: Nese, J., & Grenci, L. (1998). A World of Weather: Fundamentals of Meteorology (2^nd ed.).
Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing. (fig. 8.15, p. 242).

Choose a city near a low-pressure center, near a weather front, or one that is experiencing precipitation or under thick cloudiness. (For the purposes of this exercise, use table 11.1 to determine the thunderstorm outlook, whether you choose a city east or west of the Rocky Mountains).

Calculate the TTI for that city. Be sure to show your calculations.

Determine the thunderstorm outlook for your chosen city.

Include a copy of all weather products you used in your work. That includes any surface weather maps, upper-air weather maps, St?ve diagrams, or radar precipitation maps.

Hint: you should be able to collect all of your required data from the American Meteorological Society DataStreme Atmosphere Web site.

On the surface weather map, in this activity, indicate the location of Larko's Triangle.

You've been given the role of ?tornado chaser? for a very important tornado research project.

Where do you think is the best place and what is the best time to wait for these storms? Explain.

What important safety precautions must you keep in mind?

Lab Activities

 

Meteorologists can assess the stability of the lower troposphere (and thus the potential for

 

thunderstorm development) by calculating simple indices that are based on the temperature and

 

dew-point temperature at various levels in the atmosphere. One such stability index is the Total

 

Totals Index (TTI), which is computed as follows:

 

Total Totals Index = T850 + Td850 ? (2 ? T500)

 

where: T850 is the 850-mb air temperature, Td850 is the 850-mb dew point temperature, and T500 is the 500-mb air temperature

 

(All temperatures are in ?C.) Note how warm, moist air at low levels increases the value of the index (low levels are

 

represented by the 850-mb level), and cold air at middle levels of the troposphere (middle levels

 

are represented by the 500-mb level) also increase the value of the index. Thus, the TTI is large

 

when warm, moist, low-level air lies beneath cold air at middle levels.

 

East of the Rocky Mountains, the value of the TTI can be interpreted using table 11.1 below:

 

Table 11.1

 

TTI Thunderstorm Outlook < 44 Thunderstorms unlikely 44?45 Isolated or few thunderstorms 46?47 Scattered thunderstorms 48?49 Scattered thunderstorms, isolated

 

severe thunderstorm 50?51 Scattered thunderstorms, few

 

severe thunderstorms, isolated

 

tornadoes 52?55 Scattered to numerous

 

thunderstorms, few to scattered

 

severe thunderstorms, few

 

tornadoes 56 Numerous thunderstorms,

 

scattered severe thunderstorms,

 

scattered tornadoes Source: Nese, J., & Grenci, L. (1998). A World of Weather: Fundamentals of Meteorology (2nd ed.).

 

Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing. (fig. 8.15, p. 242). 1. Choose a city near a low-pressure center, near a weather front, or one that is

 

experiencing precipitation or under thick cloudiness. (For the purposes of this exercise,

 

use table 11.1 to determine the thunderstorm outlook, whether you choose a city east or

 

west of the Rocky Mountains).

 

a. Calculate the TTI for that city. Be sure to show your calculations.

 

b. Determine the thunderstorm outlook for your chosen city.

 

c. Include a copy of all weather products you used in your work. That includes any

 

surface weather maps, upper-air weather maps, St?ve diagrams, or radar

 

precipitation maps. Hint: you should be able to collect all of your required data from the American

 

Meteorological Society DataStreme Atmosphere Web site.

 

2. On the surface weather map, in this activity, indicate the location of Larko's Triangle.

 

3. You've been given the role of ?tornado chaser? for a very important tornado research

 

project.

 

a. Where do you think is the best place and what is the best time to wait for these

 

storms? Explain.

 

b. What important safety precautions must you keep in mind?

 

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